---
comments: true
description: Discover YOLO12, featuring groundbreaking attention-centric architecture for state-of-the-art object detection with unmatched accuracy and efficiency.
keywords: YOLO12, attention-centric object detection, YOLO series, Ultralytics, computer vision, AI, machine learning, deep learning
---

# YOLO12: Attention-Centric Object Detection

## Overview

YOLO12, released in early 2025, introduces an attention-centric architecture that departs from the traditional CNN-based approaches used in previous YOLO models, yet retains the real-time inference speed essential for many applications. This model achieves high object detection accuracy through novel methodological innovations in attention mechanisms and overall network architecture, while maintaining real-time performance. Despite those advantages, YOLO12 remains a community-driven release that may exhibit training instability, elevated memory consumption, and slower CPU throughput due to its heavy attention blocks, so Ultralytics recommends [YOLO11](yolo11.md) or [YOLO26](yolo26.md) for most production workloads.

!!! note "Community Model"

    YOLO12 is maintained primarily for benchmarking and research. If you need stable training, predictable memory usage, and optimized CPU inference, choose [YOLO11](yolo11.md) or [YOLO26](yolo26.md) for deployment.

<p align="center">
  <br>
  <iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mcqTxD-FD5M"
    title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
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    allowfullscreen>
  </iframe>
  <br>
  <strong>Watch:</strong> How to Use YOLO12 for Object Detection with the Ultralytics Package | Is YOLO12 Fast or Slow? 🚀
</p>

## Key Features

- **Area Attention Mechanism**: A new self-attention approach that processes large receptive fields efficiently. It divides [feature maps](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/feature-maps) into _l_ equal-sized regions (defaulting to 4), either horizontally or vertically, avoiding complex operations and maintaining a large effective receptive field. This significantly reduces computational cost compared to standard self-attention.
- **Residual Efficient Layer Aggregation Networks (R-ELAN)**: An improved feature aggregation module based on ELAN, designed to address optimization challenges, especially in larger-scale attention-centric models. R-ELAN introduces:
    - Block-level residual connections with scaling (similar to layer scaling).
    - A redesigned feature aggregation method creating a bottleneck-like structure.
- **Optimized Attention Architecture**: YOLO12 streamlines the standard attention mechanism for greater efficiency and compatibility with the YOLO framework. This includes:
    - Using FlashAttention to minimize memory access overhead.
    - Removing positional encoding for a cleaner and faster model.
    - Adjusting the MLP ratio (from the typical 4 to 1.2 or 2) to better balance computation between attention and feed-forward layers.
    - Reducing the depth of stacked blocks for improved optimization.
    - Leveraging convolution operations (where appropriate) for their computational efficiency.
    - Adding a 7x7 separable convolution (the "position perceiver") to the attention mechanism to implicitly encode positional information.
- **Comprehensive Task Support**: YOLO12 supports a range of core computer vision tasks: object detection, [instance segmentation](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/instance-segmentation), [image classification](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/image-classification), pose estimation, and oriented object detection (OBB).
- **Enhanced Efficiency**: Achieves higher accuracy with fewer parameters compared to many prior models, demonstrating an improved balance between speed and accuracy.
- **Flexible Deployment**: Designed for deployment across diverse platforms, from edge devices to cloud infrastructure.

![YOLO12 comparison visualization](https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/ultralytics/assets@main/docs/yolo12-comparison-visualization.avif)

## Supported Tasks and Modes

YOLO12 supports a variety of computer vision tasks. The table below shows task support and the operational modes (Inference, Validation, Training, and Export) enabled for each:

!!! warning "Pretrained weights availability"

    Only detection weights (`yolo12n.pt`, `yolo12s.pt`, `yolo12m.pt`, `yolo12l.pt`, `yolo12x.pt`) are released on [ultralytics/assets](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases). Segmentation, classification, pose, and OBB architectures are defined in [ultralytics/cfg/models/12/](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/tree/main/ultralytics/cfg/models/12), so those variants support training from scratch from the `.yaml` config, but no pretrained `.pt` files are currently available for them. For pretrained segmentation, pose, classification, or OBB checkpoints, Ultralytics recommends [YOLO11](yolo11.md) or [YOLO26](yolo26.md).

| Model Type                                                                                                     | Task                                   | Pretrained Weights | Inference | Validation | Training | Export |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------ | --------- | ---------- | -------- | ------ |
| [YOLO12](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/ultralytics/cfg/models/12/yolo12.yaml)           | [Detection](../tasks/detect.md)        | ✅                 | ✅        | ✅         | ✅       | ✅     |
| [YOLO12-seg](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/ultralytics/cfg/models/12/yolo12-seg.yaml)   | [Segmentation](../tasks/segment.md)    | ❌                 | ✅        | ✅         | ✅       | ✅     |
| [YOLO12-pose](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/ultralytics/cfg/models/12/yolo12-pose.yaml) | [Pose](../tasks/pose.md)               | ❌                 | ✅        | ✅         | ✅       | ✅     |
| [YOLO12-cls](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/ultralytics/cfg/models/12/yolo12-cls.yaml)   | [Classification](../tasks/classify.md) | ❌                 | ✅        | ✅         | ✅       | ✅     |
| [YOLO12-obb](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/ultralytics/cfg/models/12/yolo12-obb.yaml)   | [OBB](../tasks/obb.md)                 | ❌                 | ✅        | ✅         | ✅       | ✅     |

All YOLO12 architectures support every mode once a trained checkpoint is available. The `Pretrained Weights` column indicates only whether Ultralytics publishes an official pretrained `.pt` on [ultralytics/assets](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases): for segmentation, pose, classification, and OBB, you must train your own checkpoint from the corresponding `.yaml` before running inference, validation, or export.

## Performance Metrics

YOLO12 demonstrates significant [accuracy](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/accuracy) improvements across all model scales, with some trade-offs in speed compared to the _fastest_ prior YOLO models. Below are quantitative results for [object detection](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/object-detection) on the COCO validation dataset:

### Detection Performance (COCO val2017)

!!! tip "Performance"

    === "Detection (COCO)"

        | Model                                                                                | size<br><sup>(pixels)</sup> | mAP<sup>val<br>50-95</sup> | Speed<br><sup>CPU ONNX<br>(ms)</sup> | Speed<br><sup>T4 TensorRT<br>(ms)</sup> | params<br><sup>(M)</sup> | FLOPs<br><sup>(B)</sup> | Comparison<br><sup>(mAP/Speed)</sup> |
        | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------- | ------------------------------ |
        | [YOLO12n](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.4.0/yolo12n.pt) | 640                   | 40.6                 | -                              | 1.64                              | 2.6                | 6.5               | +2.1%/-9% (vs. YOLOv10n)       |
        | [YOLO12s](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.4.0/yolo12s.pt) | 640                   | 48.0                 | -                              | 2.61                              | 9.3                | 21.4              | +0.1%/+42% (vs. RT-DETRv2)     |
        | [YOLO12m](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.4.0/yolo12m.pt) | 640                   | 52.5                 | -                              | 4.86                              | 20.2               | 67.5              | +1.0%/-3% (vs. YOLO11m)        |
        | [YOLO12l](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.4.0/yolo12l.pt) | 640                   | 53.7                 | -                              | 6.77                              | 26.4               | 88.9              | +0.4%/-8% (vs. YOLO11l)        |
        | [YOLO12x](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.4.0/yolo12x.pt) | 640                   | 55.2                 | -                              | 11.79                             | 59.1               | 199.0             | +0.6%/-4% (vs. YOLO11x)        |

- Inference speed measured on an NVIDIA T4 GPU with TensorRT FP16 [precision](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/precision).
- Comparisons show the relative improvement in mAP and the percentage change in speed (positive indicates faster; negative indicates slower). Comparisons are made against published results for YOLOv10, YOLO11, and RT-DETR where available.

## Usage Examples

This section provides examples for training and inference with YOLO12. For more comprehensive documentation on these and other modes (including [Validation](../modes/val.md) and [Export](../modes/export.md)), consult the dedicated [Predict](../modes/predict.md) and [Train](../modes/train.md) pages.

The examples below focus on YOLO12 [Detect](../tasks/detect.md) models (for object detection). For other supported tasks (segmentation, classification, oriented object detection, and pose estimation), refer to the respective task-specific documentation: [Segment](../tasks/segment.md), [Classify](../tasks/classify.md), [OBB](../tasks/obb.md), and [Pose](../tasks/pose.md).

!!! example

    === "Python"

        Pretrained `*.pt` models (using [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/)) and configuration `*.yaml` files can be passed to the `YOLO()` class to create a model instance in Python:

        ```python
        from ultralytics import YOLO

        # Load a COCO-pretrained YOLO12n model
        model = YOLO("yolo12n.pt")

        # Train the model on the COCO8 example dataset for 100 epochs
        results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=100, imgsz=640)

        # Run inference with the YOLO12n model on the 'bus.jpg' image
        results = model("path/to/bus.jpg")
        ```

    === "CLI"

        Command Line Interface (CLI) commands are also available:

        ```bash
        # Load a COCO-pretrained YOLO12n model and train on the COCO8 example dataset for 100 epochs
        yolo train model=yolo12n.pt data=coco8.yaml epochs=100 imgsz=640

        # Load a COCO-pretrained YOLO12n model and run inference on the 'bus.jpg' image
        yolo predict model=yolo12n.pt source=path/to/bus.jpg
        ```

## Key Improvements

1. **Enhanced [Feature Extraction](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/feature-extraction)**:
    - **Area Attention**: Efficiently handles large [receptive fields](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/receptive-field), reducing computational cost.
    - **Optimized Balance**: Improved balance between attention and feed-forward network computations.
    - **R-ELAN**: Enhances feature aggregation using the R-ELAN architecture.

2. **Optimization Innovations**:
    - **Residual Connections**: Introduces residual connections with scaling to stabilize training, especially in larger models.
    - **Refined Feature Integration**: Implements an improved method for feature integration within R-ELAN.
    - **FlashAttention**: Incorporates FlashAttention to reduce memory access overhead.

3. **Architectural Efficiency**:
    - **Reduced Parameters**: Achieves a lower parameter count while maintaining or improving accuracy compared to many previous models.
    - **Streamlined Attention**: Uses a simplified attention implementation, avoiding positional encoding.
    - **Optimized MLP Ratios**: Adjusts MLP ratios to more effectively allocate computational resources.

## Requirements

The Ultralytics YOLO12 implementation, by default, _does not require_ FlashAttention. However, FlashAttention can be optionally compiled and used with YOLO12. To compile FlashAttention, one of the following NVIDIA GPUs is needed:

- [Turing GPUs](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_(microarchitecture)>) (e.g., T4, Quadro RTX series)
- [Ampere GPUs](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere_(microarchitecture)>) (e.g., RTX30 series, A30/40/100)
- [Ada Lovelace GPUs](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/ada-lovelace-architecture/) (e.g., RTX40 series)
- [Hopper GPUs](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/technologies/hopper-architecture/) (e.g., H100/H200)

## Citations and Acknowledgments

If you use YOLO12 in your research, please cite the original work by [University at Buffalo](https://www.buffalo.edu/) and the [University of Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://english.ucas.ac.cn/):

!!! quote ""

    === "BibTeX"

        ```bibtex
        @article{tian2025yolo12,
          title={YOLO12: Attention-Centric Real-Time Object Detectors},
          author={Tian, Yunjie and Ye, Qixiang and Doermann, David},
          journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.12524},
          year={2025}
        }

        @software{yolo12,
          author = {Tian, Yunjie and Ye, Qixiang and Doermann, David},
          title = {YOLO12: Attention-Centric Real-Time Object Detectors},
          year = {2025},
          url = {https://github.com/sunsmarterjie/yolov12},
          license = {AGPL-3.0}
        }
        ```

## FAQ

### How does YOLO12 achieve real-time object detection while maintaining high accuracy?

YOLO12 incorporates several key innovations to balance speed and accuracy. The Area [Attention mechanism](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/attention-mechanism) efficiently processes large receptive fields, reducing computational cost compared to standard self-attention. The Residual Efficient Layer Aggregation Networks (R-ELAN) improve feature aggregation, addressing optimization challenges in larger attention-centric models. Optimized Attention Architecture, including the use of FlashAttention and removal of positional encoding, further enhances efficiency. These features allow YOLO12 to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy while maintaining the real-time inference speed crucial for many applications.

### What [computer vision](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/computer-vision-cv) tasks does YOLO12 support?

YOLO12 is a versatile model that supports a wide range of core computer vision tasks. It excels in object [detection](../tasks/detect.md), instance [segmentation](../tasks/segment.md), image [classification](../tasks/classify.md), [pose estimation](../tasks/pose.md), and oriented object detection (OBB) ([see details](../tasks/obb.md)). This comprehensive task support makes YOLO12 a powerful tool for diverse applications, from [robotics](https://www.ultralytics.com/glossary/robotics) and autonomous driving to medical imaging and industrial inspection. Note that pretrained `.pt` weights are currently published for detection only; the segmentation, pose, classification, and OBB architectures are provided as `.yaml` configs for training from scratch.

### How does YOLO12 compare to other YOLO models and competitors like RT-DETR?

YOLO12 demonstrates significant accuracy improvements across all model scales compared to prior YOLO models like YOLOv10 and YOLO11, with some trade-offs in speed compared to the _fastest_ prior models. For example, YOLO12n achieves a +2.1% mAP improvement over YOLOv10n and +1.2% over YOLO11n on the COCO val2017 dataset. Compared to models like [RT-DETR](https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/rtdetr/), YOLO12s offers a +1.5% mAP improvement and a substantial +42% speed increase. These metrics highlight YOLO12's strong balance between accuracy and efficiency. See the [performance metrics section](#performance-metrics) for detailed comparisons.

### What are the hardware requirements for running YOLO12, especially for using FlashAttention?

By default, the Ultralytics YOLO12 implementation does _not_ require FlashAttention. However, FlashAttention can be optionally compiled and used with YOLO12 to minimize memory access overhead. To compile FlashAttention, one of the following NVIDIA GPUs is needed: Turing GPUs (e.g., T4, Quadro RTX series), Ampere GPUs (e.g., RTX30 series, A30/40/100), Ada Lovelace GPUs (e.g., RTX40 series), or Hopper GPUs (e.g., H100/H200). This flexibility allows users to leverage FlashAttention's benefits when hardware resources permit.

### Where can I find usage examples and more detailed documentation for YOLO12?

This page provides basic [usage examples](#usage-examples) for training and inference. For comprehensive documentation on these and other modes, including [Validation](../modes/val.md) and [Export](../modes/export.md), consult the dedicated [Predict](../modes/predict.md) and [Train](../modes/train.md) pages. For task-specific information (segmentation, classification, oriented object detection, and pose estimation), refer to the respective documentation: [Segment](../tasks/segment.md), [Classify](../tasks/classify.md), [OBB](../tasks/obb.md), and [Pose](../tasks/pose.md). These resources provide in-depth guidance for effectively utilizing YOLO12 in various scenarios.
